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Europe gets lucky with a moderate, windy winter season: Kemp

With just a couple of more weeks left in the heating season, Europe is on course to end the winter with a record quantity of gas in storage, sending out prices sliding and resolving worries about energy security.

Before policymakers congratulate themselves on successfully managing the crisis triggered by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, they must acknowledge they have been exceptionally lucky with the weather condition.

Back-to-back moderate winter seasons in 2022/23 and again in 2023/24 have minimized heating need for both gas and electrical energy and enabled the region to generate record gas stocks.

The most recent winter has been primarily mild, wet and windy throughout Northwest Europe, slashing heating demand while triggering a rise in wind farm generation, a double conserving on gas.

Chartbook: Europe's weather and gas stocks

There have actually been fairly couple of episodes of dunkelflaute,. the German word explaining cloudy, windless and very cold. weather condition, which zero-out solar and wind generation, forcing the. grid to rely on gas to keep satisfy need.

There is no warranty the area's luck will last; next. winter could be significantly chillier with less wind generation,. resulting in a double dive in gas consumption.

The more comprehensive issue is that increasing reliance on variable. wind and solar, driven by medium and brief term weather. patterns, is inducing increased variability in winter season need for. gas and gas-fired generation.

During the winter season of 2023/24, wind considerably lowered. stress on the electricity and gas products-- but it might simply. quickly contribute to the stress on both systems in future.

NAO FORECASTING

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the single most. important element for year to year changes in the seasonal. climate around the Atlantic Basin, according to scientists at. the Hadley Centre in Britain. ¹ Irregularity in the NAO describes the state of the Atlantic. jet stream and is straight related to near-surface winds and. Winter season temperature levels ... across North America, Europe, and. other areas around the Atlantic Basin.

At its most basic, the NAO explains the state of the. atmospheric pressure differential in between Greenland-Iceland. ( generally a location of relatively low pressure) and the. Azores-Bermuda (usually a location of high pressure).

When the pressure difference is greater than average, the. NAO is said to be favorable, and strong westerly winds are. directed across Northwest Europe, bringing great deals of warm, wet. air from across the ocean.

When the pressure distinction is below average, the NAO is. stated to be unfavorable, and westerly winds are directed across. Southern Europe, while Northwest Europe experiences less windy. and drier conditions. ² The NAO is a lot more variable and unstable in the short and. medium term than the more familiar El Niño -La Niña cycle in the. Pacific.

In recent years, however, researchers have actually made development in. successfully forecasting the NAO for several months ahead, which. is the basis for seasonal winter season weather forecasts.

The NAO can be forecast based upon the state of El Niño -La . Niña, the level of ice cover in the Kara Sea location of the Arctic. Ocean and a number of other variables.

It is now possible to anticipate the course of NAO and average. winter season weather with some success as early as November, according. to the U.K. Meteorological Office.

WINDY and mild

The NAO was incredibly favorable in December 2023, and to. lower extent in February 2024, directing lots of warm damp. westerly winds across Northwest Europe in both months.

In Frankfurt in Germany, temperature levels were well above the. long-term seasonal average in December (+2.8 ° C )and again in. February (+5.8 ° C), which dramatically minimized heating demand.

In London, temperature levels were likewise well above average in. December (+2.3 ° C )and February (+3.3 ° C), cutting the need for. both gas-fired main heating and gas-fired electrical heating.

At the exact same time, wind speeds throughout Northwest Europe were. faster than typical, improving generation from onshore and. offshore wind farms.

Increases in wind farm capability and greater average wind. speeds combined to create a rise in wind generation.

Germany's wind generation soared to 19.5 terawatt-hours. ( TWh) in December 2023 from 12.2 TWh in December 2022.

Britain's wind generation reached 9.7 TWh in December. 2023 from 7.4 TWh in the very same month a year previously.

In Germany, the boost in wind output (+7.3 TWh) primarily. lowered generation from coal (-5.1 TWh) and gas (-1.0 billion. TWh).

In the UK, increased wind output (+2.3 TWh). primarily reduced generation from gas (-3.0 TWh).

CONSERVING GAS

The result has been a much smaller sized exhaustion of gas. stocks than normal considering that the start of winter season 2023/24, with. When the NAO, the impact focused in December and February. was highly favorable.

Stocks across the European Union and the United Kingdom. diminished by an average of simply 3.2 TWh per day in December. compared with an average of 4.1 TWh per day over the previous. ten years.

The depletion was the tiniest because December 2019 and. before that December 2015, both of which were characterised by a. strongly favorable NAO.

Stocks diminished by an average of 3.0 TWh per day in. February 2024, compared with a previous ten-year seasonal average. of 4.8 TWh, and the slowest considering that February 2014.

As a result, stocks were 279 TWh (+67% or +2.16 standard. discrepancies) above the prior ten-year seasonal average on March. 10.

The surplus had actually swelled from 167 TWh (+18% or +1.70 requirement. discrepancies) at the start of the winter heating season on October. 1.

Most of the increases took place in December (+29 TWh) and. February (+57 TWh), with a smaller increase in November (+19 TWh),. and the surplus really tightened somewhat in January (-8 TWh).

POLICY LESSONS

Luck with the winter in 2022/23 and again in 2023/24 has. played the most significant role improving gas supply security in Europe,. and was most likely more crucial than policy measures to promote. gas conservation.

Two moderate winter seasons have actually enhanced stocks to a record seasonal. high and pushed prices back to levels dominating before 2021. once inflation is taken into consideration.

Europe's leaders would be ill-advised to rely on being fortunate. a third time. Policymakers and energy market need to consider how. they would cope if next winter was characterised by a. predominantly negative NAO, greater heating need and less wind. generation.

Recommendations:

¹ The North Atlantic Oscillation (U.K. Meteorological. Workplace)

² Experienced Long-Range Forecast of European and North. America Winters (Scaife et al, 2014)

Associated columns:

- Europe's mild winter season leaves gas stocks at record high. ( March 7, 2024)

- Europe's swollen gas stocks drive rates lower (February. 13, 2024)

John Kemp is a market analyst. The views revealed. are his own. Follow his commentary on X https://twitter.com/JKempEnergy.